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[Music]

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welcome everyone to 2019 F grad Khan

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hope everyone is well caffeinated as we

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got a couple of great exciting talks

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coming up here I'll be giving the

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warm-up talk as Julia said and I'll be

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going over kind of the background for

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those who aren't used to these warm up

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talks they're a background to kind of

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prepare you for the slightly more

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technical talks that you'll see this

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will be themed loosely on the concept of

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astronomy in a stroke a mystery so we

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may bounce around a little bit and so

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yeah we can get started so to start this

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is the schedule for what we're going to

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be seeing for these next few talks so

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I'll be you know we're in the middle of

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the warm-up talk right now and then we

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have three talks and then we're gonna

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have a break for the break everyone's

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just gonna go outside right out there

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where the tables are or there will be

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some refreshments presumably then we'll

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have two more talks and then we're gonna

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have the lightning talk so anyone who is

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currently presenting a poster I think of

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your elevator pitch you'll have about a

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minute and then we'll cut you off with a

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loud annoying noise so prepare to have

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your elevator pitch for talking about it

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and then after that we're gonna have a

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sicom panel and so we're gonna have some

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people come up about four speakers up

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here so also if you want to have any

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major burning questions about science

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and science communication think about

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those questions now I guess while I'm

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talking or during the break beyond that

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I don't think there's any other major

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announcements so I guess we'll get

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started so it's early in the morning and

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some of us may be jet-lagged so I wanted

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to start off with this quick little

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YouTube clip because this is what I do

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when I'm bored so to start off we're

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we're just gonna go and summarize all of

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what I'm gonna be talking about in about

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90 seconds by if anyone knows Bill works

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he did a nice summary of all this with

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[Music]

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this continues for the next 20 minutes

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you shall watch it sometime so we're

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gonna take this little bit slower now to

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go through the full story but I figured

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you don't appreciate at least something

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wake you up in the morning alright so

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we're gonna skip over all the Big Bang

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cosmology stuff because that's not what

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we're here to talk about and we're gonna

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start with the concept of blacking out

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the screen or star formation so this is

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a kind of classic picture that you'll

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see of this stellar lifecycle for how

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stars form and how the planets around

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them will form so often you start we

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kind of reset star formation every time

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at the death of some star where you have

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some sort of supernova there or some

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sort of large expansion of the loss of

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atmosphere and as the material spreads

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out into the interstellar medium it

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forms these large clouds that tend to be

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rather dense and dark and slowly over

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time gravity will collapse and form

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protostars and around those protostars

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the material will tend to accrete and

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they will start to form large disks and

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in these disks you'll start to coalesce

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little pebbles and in those pebbles will

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eventually build up into things such as

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planets and comets in meteorites and but

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slowly that those pebble start to create

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and you form a star and around that star

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you form things like planets which is

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very exciting and so this this session

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is also kind of themed on cuz

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astrochemistry as well and so the reason

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I pulled this one up in particular is

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because chemistry happens throughout

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this entire process so you start and you

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form your initial elements over here in

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the deaths of stars or in the cores of

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stars through fusion and so one thing

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that astral chemistry seeks to answer is

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how do you go from these elemental acids

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ashes and you build up all the way you

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know you can build up things like

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buckyballs and polycyclic aromatic

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hydrocarbons which are these large multi

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aromatic kind of amorphous species long

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linear carbon chain molecules up to more

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saturated species things that kind of

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resemble a little bit more of what we

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see in terrestrial but chemistry is

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happening the whole time so how do you

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go from these elemental ashes all the

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way up to

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the ingredients we see kind of in the

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primordial solar system or perhaps

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afterwards so you start with your

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initial ingredients so I mentioned that

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a lot of these elements are fused either

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through the deaths of stars or through

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in these cores of active stars this is

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this kind of nice little periodic table

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showing all the different sources of how

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they're formed but by and large the vast

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majority of things hydrogen with a

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little bit less is helium and then just

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a couple percent is everything else

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carbon nitrogen oxygen tend to

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demonstrate air and the final products

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that we know about a lot of them are

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really exciting you know when we go to

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look towards things in our solar system

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either when we you know throw zetas

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missions looking at comets or there were

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two meteorite we see things like amino

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acids these kind of building blocks of

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how we build up more complex things I am

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NOT a biologist in training so I'm not a

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biologist whatsoever the last time I

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took a biology class was sixth grade but

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people tell me this is very important

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and so I believed them and I try to

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build this stuff when I am running my

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research which is focused on a chem but

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also then you build up this concept of

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primordial soup which is if you get

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enough complex molecules in one place

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and you add a bunch of energy to it and

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do a lot of things that sound really

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hard eventually life will just kind of

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pop out which I obviously stopped and a

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lot more depth but the question is how

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do you how does this all get here in the

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first place and how do we constrain the

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chemistry to go from elemental ashes to

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amino acids so when after chem there's

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kind of three major branches and that we

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kind of dictate the studies you know we

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talk about these sub regimes last night

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so you have the observational components

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this can either be going and observing

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on a telescope either space-based or on

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the ground or it can be actually sending

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something out to something in the solar

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system and taking measurements that way

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you have theory a lot of this in the

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interstellar medium will be Astro

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chemical modeling but a lot of this is

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done for in the atmospheres of planets

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and moons as well these are kind of

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dominated by AI the Monte Carlo

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or kinetic rate equation models to

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simulate the chemistry and the physical

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conditions and then also you have the

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laboratory component which will from the

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Astronomy side measure the frequencies

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for molecules for us to detect in space

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they also try to recreate Astrophysical

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conditions however that is rather tough

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as a lot of them will definitely tell

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you the most powerful high power vacuums

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the least dense you can possibly get is

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considered extremely dense in space so

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we're talking you know 10 to the 8 or 10

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to the 6 parts per cubic memory since

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they're in a dark cloud compared to

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about 10 to the 19 parts per cubic

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centimeter is the air were breathing

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right now and so our talks are gonna

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kind of bounce around between a lot of

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these different subjects so for example

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on the laboratory side we're gonna have

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a talk by Haley here about measuring the

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rotational spectra of molecules in order

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to complete the inventory of what we

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know is in space for us to really

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understand the full story of

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astrochemistry we need to understand

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what all is there and as you get to

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larger and larger molecules it gets

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harder and harder to detect them so we

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need really accurate spectra tuned there

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to in order to determine that so have a

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nice talk about that and so this is just

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a kind of guide ride this is every

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single molecule as of about last year I

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didn't get an updated table because I

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would have taken a while but this is a

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little over 200 molecules have been

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detected in the interstellar medium and

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so we're actually starting to get a

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really good idea but you can also see

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that this is very much dominated by

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these small very small two to three atom

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molecules an extra chemistry you

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consider complex to be about six atoms

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and if you look over here if once you

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get up to about twice that 12 the number

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gets quite dwindling so it'll be very

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exciting as we get more improved spectra

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and it's kind of a concerted effort to

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try to fill this out a lot more there

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was also a good amount of theory talks

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here some more or less related to

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astrochemistry or just kind of chemistry

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in general both seeking to explain the

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observations that we see in for example

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in the atmospheres of Titan or what we

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see in Enceladus well so we have

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trying to predict the reactions that we

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expect to happen as well so you know

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we'll have some nice talks by Ryan and

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allene here as well as we'll just focus

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on these right now

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so here the two of the talks will at

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least be tentatively related to tighten

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the other one being related to a

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different moon of Saturn which is

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Enceladus you know here we have Titan is

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a particularly interesting source for us

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because it's kind of the one of the it's

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unique among moons in the solar system

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in that it has a very rich nitrogen

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atmosphere as well as having a lot of

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complex organics we know exists in the

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kind of methane rich atmosphere and as

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you go down and this is a nice image

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from Cassini showing both the optical

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and also an infrared image looking at

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more of the surface here and it's going

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to be particularly interesting going

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forward given the Dragonfly mission

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which just got selected to be approved

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so this will be a really exciting

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mission so stay tuned for the exciting

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results coming out of that and then

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we're also going to have a talk that's

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going to be more related to Enceladus

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which is another moon of Saturn this one

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is known for having this large this ice

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crust here the layers not to scale but

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these large hydro for hydrothermal vents

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that launch material out into the

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surrounding area and in here there's

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actually been some very exciting work of

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finding complex potentially the first

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kind of primordial soup potentially

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found outside of Earth that may been

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found in these vents so that's another

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really exciting Avenue that I will be

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talking about as well and we're also

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gonna have a talk about SETI I didn't

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really have a great transition here but

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we're gonna be talking it this is also

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really exciting these are so the

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question is this is the search for

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extraterrestrial intelligence and a big

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initiative has been pushed for study

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with the breakthrough listen project

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we're a hundred million dollars is being

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put in to try to search for intelligent

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signals somewhere

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you know in our galaxy or in other

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galaxies and so they're recruiting kind

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of some of the most powerful radio

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telescopes we have available especially

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on the low frequency end this is the

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Green Bank telescope the largest

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steerable object on land the only thing

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bigger that you can steer our aircraft a

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aircraft carriers and old tankers for

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scale that's a building it's really big

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you don't realize it's big until you

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actually like physically are like

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touching it and this was the site of a

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PWR two years ago which is kind of cool

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but there's a series of other radio

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telescopes here this is meerkat this is

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the park 64 meter this is on the Lick

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Observatory I believe and also some work

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with low far as well and so what this is

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doing is monitoring me I'm around a

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million stars and actually be able to

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also monitor about 100 galaxies looking

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for these kind of intelligent signals

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and trying to determine you know what

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what do and a lot of the effort will go

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into okay what what kind of signal will

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this look like and how do we want to you

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know if we want to look everywhere we

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need to really figure out what exact

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type of signal we're looking for so

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that's what we're gonna get a talk from

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Sophia about how do we specifically

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determine our exact drift rates in terms

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of how much frequency shifting we're

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going to be getting from any given SETI

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signal what would we kind of expect so

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yeah that's that's the most my talk here

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I would say definitely one great part

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about this conference is if you don't

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know or didn't catch it please ask this

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is the time to ask the questions that

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you were too afraid to ask because

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everyone here is super friendly and we

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all just want to know you know I said I

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know nothing about biology and so most

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of this I'm gonna try to see if I can

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learn more

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while I'm here but please don't be

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afraid to ask it's a very friendly group

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and I guess I'll take any questions yeah